Notes on Back-translation

What is back-translation?

The process of back-translation consists of translating a previously translated text back into the original language. Ideally, a back-translation should be performed by an independent translator who did not participate in the original translation. The back-translation may then be compared to the original text to check the accuracy of the initial translation. Even careful translators and editors make mistakes, and the back-translation process offers a second chance to catch errors, omissions, additions or misinterpretations of the text.

A back-translation will rarely yield a result identical to the original text. Above all, it’s important for the back translation to reflect the same meaning as the original document, even if the word choice or word order differs slightly. A back-translation should be very literal but still idiomatic.

When is back-translation typically used?

  • Clients often request a back-translation to check the quality of the translation when the subject matter demands an extremely high degree of accuracy, for example, in clinical trials. They prove particularly useful for picking up errors that may be easily missed by the proofreader but that can have dire consequences. Some ethics committees and institutional review boards (IRBs) require back-translations before granting research approval.
  • In the field of advertising, translators tend to get creative and embellish the copy, occasionally moving away from the meaning of the original text. In some instances, even slight deviations in meaning can cause serious legal problems for the agency or client. With a back-translation, the client’s legal department can detect these potential legal issues. In addition, back translations of ad copy can allow the client to get a better feel for how the advertising concept is being expressed in the target language.
  • A back-translation may be requested when the reviewer doesn’t know the target language, especially in the case of unusual language combinations (i.e. Spanish to Luxembourgish).

The argument against back-translation

Some translators consider back-translation to be a fruitless exercise. Rather than perform a back-translation, there are those who argue for the original translation to be reviewed by an experienced, qualified proofreader as well as an expert with technical background (e.g. a doctor or other medical professional in the case of a medical translation, a lawyer for a legal translation).

Latinos Spend More Time on Social Media than Other Groups

According to a market research study conducted by BIGinsight in February 2012, U.S. Hispanics spend significantly more time on social media than the average American Internet user. On any given day, 26.8% of Latino users are active on social media sites for upwards of six hours, while just 8.5% of all Internet users spend that amount of time on social media. While the big players like Facebook and Twitter garner plenty of attention from Latino users, interestingly, Hispanics are also more willing to visit some of the smaller social media sites such as Pinterest, foursquare and LinkedIn. For example, while just 4.9% of white users reported visiting LinkedIn on a daily basis, 15.5% of U.S. Hispanics log in to the site at least once a day. Understanding the social media usage patterns of Latino Internet users is vital to connecting with this key demographic and to creating meaningful relationships with customers.

For more information, take a look at this article by eMarketer.

Is Spanish a Sexist Language?

It seems that political correctness knows no bounds. With feminist groups and a handful of linguistic scholars leading the charge, so-called “inclusive language” has slowly crept into Spanish in the last few years. In other words, what once passed for perfectly acceptable and grammatically correct Spanish is now labeled machista or sexist, with some academics proposing changes to language usage in order to compensate. Assorted universities, unions and autonomous communities have even created style guides with new rules prescribing non-sexist language.

It’s true that the masculine gender predominates in the Spanish language when speaking in the plural form. For example, a room full of female attorneys would constitute the use of the word “abogadas” (feminine plural), but should one male attorney grace the room with his presence, the masculine plural form would be used. Likewise, the parents of three girls and one boy would refer to their children as hijos (masculine plural) despite the overwhelming female majority.

Overall it can be said that English is a more compact, concise language than Spanish; however, in certain cases, Spanish has the upper hand. For example, in English we must say “brothers and sisters” while the Spanish word “hermanos” captures the same meaning in a more succinct manner. Spanish will lose what little advantage it has in this sense if changes are adopted. Case in point, the word “argentinos” encompasses both male and female citizens of Argentina; however, scholars are suggesting the use of the more inclusive “argentinos y argentinas,” and indeed the nation’s president seems to have adopted this mode of speech.

Ultimately, these changes make the language more unruly and less pleasing to the ear. They also present a problem in terms of space, as these expanded forms of expression take up more room in written documents. Text expansion is already an issue when translating from English into Spanish; these new rules would only worsen the problem.

Supporters of non-sexist language argue that existing Spanish syntax diminishes the importance of women and is tantamount to discrimination, essentially making women invisible within the language. Furthermore, by dictating that the masculine gender should take precedence, critics claim that the standard rules of Spanish grammar—under the guise of tradition— constitute a tool of female domination.

Without a doubt, language reflects the society from which it emerged. Spanish evolved, over the course of centuries, from Latin, a patriarchal language. Although women were considered second-class citizens when Spanish first came about, this fact doesn’t mean that women are bound to this same position in modern-day society. The Spanish language isn’t holding women back; machista attitudes and cultural traditions impeding women’s empowerment are the real issue.

Besides, it’s very difficult to establish a clear connection between gender discrimination and language. While certain languages, such as Chinese, may appear to be less sexist, the women in these societies are no more empowered than those who speak Spanish. In fact, they are less so. The bottom line is that language equality is not necessarily reflected in the feminine condition.

If Hispanics really want to fight sexism, they should start with concrete measures that guarantee rights like equal pay, reproductive choice, access to education, etc. for women rather than tossing away a part of their linguistic heritage.

Lunfardo: The Meaning of ‘Curda’

Argentine Spanish is strewn with words and colorful phrases from Lunfardo, a rich vocabulary born on the streets of Buenos Aires in the second half of the 19th century. Now considered a fixture of the Spanish language in Argentina (especially in and around Buenos Aires) and Uruguay, linguists cite the use of Lunfardo as a defining characteristic of the Rioplatense dialect. Add a dash of Argentine flavor to your Spanish vocabulary with the Transpanish blog’s ongoing feature highlighting some of the most frequently used terms in Lunfardo.

In Lunfardo, the word “curda” refers to a drunkard, a bout of drinking or drunkenness itself. Equivalent slang terms for curda (in the drunkard sense) are lush, sot, sponge, wino, and boozer. Binge, bout of boozing, and binge drinking are acceptable translations for instances where curda is used to describe a drinking session.

Curda is often paired with a verb (e.g. le agarró una curda), giving it the meaning “to get drunk/inebriated/intoxicated.” When used in this manner, other possible informal English translations of the word include to get hammered, to get wasted, to get smashed, to get plastered, to get trashed, to get bombed and to get lit.

The Dictionary of the Real Academia Española states that this Lunfardo term entered the lexicon directly from the French dialect word curda, meaning pumpkin or squash. Another source cites a Romani/Gypsy dialect word meaning drunk as the origin of curda, which, frankly, seems more plausible.

Related words in Lunfardo:

noun curdela: same meanings as those listed above

noun curdeli: same meanings as those listed above

Usage example: Sólo quedaba un pobre curda tirado en la calle. // Only a poor drunk remained lying in the street.

The 1956 tango La última curda by Aníbal Troilo and Cátulo Castillo features the word “curda” in the title and lyrics.

Lastima, bandoneón,
mi corazón
tu ronca maldición maleva…
Tu lágrima de ron
me lleva
hasta el hondo bajo fondo
donde el barro se subleva.

¡Ya sé, no me digas! ¡Tenés razón!
La vida es una herida absurda,
y es todo tan fugaz
que es una curda, ¡nada más!
mi confesión.

 

Contame tu condena,
decime tu fracaso,
¿no ves la pena
que me ha herido?
Y hablame simplemente
de aquel amor ausente
tras un retazo del olvido.
¡Ya sé que te lastimo!
¡Ya sé que te hago daño
llorando mi sermón de vino!

 

Pero es el viejo amor
que tiembla, bandoneón,
y busca en el licor que aturde,
la curda que al final
termine la función
corriéndole un telón al corazón.
Un poco de recuerdo y sinsabor
gotea tu rezongo lerdo.
Marea tu licor y arrea
la tropilla de la zurda
al volcar la última curda.

Cerrame el ventanal
que arrastra el sol
su lento caracol de sueño,
¿no ves que vengo de un país
que está de olvido, siempre gris,
tras el alcohol?…